Enforced mitochondrial fission couldn’t restore heart valve malformation with tamm41 mutant embryos. a qPCR analysis of mitophagy related gene expression (dnm1l, park2, fundc1, mfn1b) in tamm41+/+ and tamm41−/− zebrafish embryos. b Representative images reveal the failure of MO-mfn1b injection to recover the abnormally expressed heart valve markers in tamm41−/− embryos (lower panels). Red arrows indicate the normally expressed heart valve genes. c, d Representative images of three independent experiments revealed that elevated mitochondrial membrane proteins in tamm41−/− embryos could not be restored with MO-mfn1b injection. e, f DNM1L-GFP overexpression failed to decrease the elevated mitochondrial membrane proteins in si-TAMM41 AC16 cells with CCCP treatment (fourth panels). g, h Representative images (n = 50 cells) show that DNM1L-GFP overexpression is incapable of restoring defective mitophagy in TAMM41 deficient AC16 cells with CCCP addition. Scale bar: 5 μm. Black horizontal lines indicate mean ± SD. Means ± SD are shown for three independent experiments. n.s, not significant, *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 (Student’s t-test)
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