Aberrant mvda function causes developmental defects in zebrafish. A Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) for twelve embryo development stages (0.2 hpf, 1 hpf, 2 hpf, 3.7 hpf, 6 hpf, 24 hpf, 30 hpf, 48 hpf, 72 hpf, 96 hpf, 120 hpf, and 144 hpf) demonstrates different expression patterns of mvda during embryonic development. B Effectiveness of mvda knockdown was confirmed by RT-PCR and sanger sequencing. The zebrafish mvda gene was targeted by specific morpholino antisense to prevent the proper splicing of exon 3 (E3I3-MO). Primers spanning mvda exon 1 (forward) and exon 4 (reverse) interrogate the presence of wild type (non-mutant) transcripts or those in which intron 3 has been inserted. RT-PCR of mvda transcript from control-MO and E3I3-MO injected embryos at 2-dpf, demonstrating insertion of intron 3. Sanger sequencing of both the wild-type band and the intron 3-inserted band validating the wild-type sequence and the intron 3-inserted sequence. C–J Gross morphology at 2-dpf and 4-dpf. Compared with the control group, knockdown of mvda presented hydrocephaly (E, blue arrowhead), eye defects (E, I, blue arrow), pericardial oedema (E, I, red arrow), blood accumulation in the caudal vein (E, F, red circled area), and skin defects (J, black arrows). Heartbeat and circulation in the caudal vein were visible in the control fish but were abnormal in mvda morphants (Additional file 2: Video S1, Additional file 3: Video S2). hpf, hours post fertilization; dpf, days post fertilization. Scale bars = 100 µm
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