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Figure 5
(A?B) Wave direction (top) and wavelength (bottom) for three left (A, red) and three mirrored right (B, green) noses show asymmetry in the wave direction between the left and right noses. Transparency reflects the inverse circular standard deviation. (C) Immunohistochemistry on a left nose stained for gamma-tubulin (basal body marker, red) and glutamylated tubulin (cilia marker, white). Zoom-in obtained at higher magnification displays how gamma-tubulin and glutamylated-tubulin stains are offset, allowing to determine cilia foot orientation and thus ciliary beat direction. (D?E) Overlay of all ciliary beat directions in the left (D; n=10) and mirrored right (E; n=3) noses. Individual arrows refer to the polarity of individual cells across fish. Direction is color-coded. Note a clear distinction in polarity between the latero-posterior and medial part of the nose indicated by a dashed line. (F?G) Quantification of ciliary beat directions, metachronal wave (left, n=16; right, n=18) and overall fluid flow directions for left (F; n=14) and mirrored right (G; n=14) noses. Plotted are the mean directions per fish for the latero-posterior part of the noses (above dashed line in D and E). Note that a direct comparison of ciliary beating direction and wave direction in the same experiments was not possible due to different positioning of the zebrafish for both experiments. (H) Schematic of the ciliary beating, metachronal wave and fluid flow directions in the left versus the right noses. Note the offset between the fluid flow (blue) and metachronal waves directions (green) for the left and right noses. Scale bars 10 µm.
Metachronal waves are chiral.