Papp-a2 is required for normal development of cranial cartilages. (A) Standard light microscopy images of papp-a2-knockdown and control embryos showing severely reduced jaw development. Lateral views, anterior to the left. (B) staining of papp-a2 knockdown and control embryos showing reduction or absence of the ethmoid (e), trabecula cranii (t), Meckel′s cartilage (m), palatoquadrate (pq), ceratohyal (ch), hyosymplectic (hs), and the five caudal branchial arches (*). Nc, notochord. (C) Flat-mounted 24 hpf zebrafish embryos whole mount in situ stained for dlx2a. Numbers indicate the fraction of embryos displaying the depicted phenotype. Dorsal view, anterior to the left. Arrowheads, clusters of dlx2a-positive postmigratory cranial neural cells.
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