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SNW1 is essential for specification of the border between neural and non-neural ectoderm. (A) Xenopus embryos were either uninjected (control) or injected with 20 ng of MoSNW1a at the one-cell stage. WISH was carried out for the dorsal mesoderm marker Goosecoid (Gsc), the dorsal midline markers Chordin (Chd), Xnot, and Noggin (Nog), the paraxial mesoderm markers Wnt8 and MyoD, the neural plate marker Sox3, the anterior neural marker Otx2, the anterior neural and neural plate border marker Zic3, the epidermal marker Epidermal keratin (EpiKer), and the neural plate border markers BMP4, Sox9, Snail, Slug, FoxD3, and Msx1. Arrows mark the expression of Xnot, Noggin, and Wnt8 at the anterior neural border. For EpiKer, a lateral view is shown in addition to the dorsal view. In all panels anterior is to the top. (B) Lateral and dorsal views of the Sox3 WISH are shown. Note that the sharp border of the neural plate is not formed when SNW1 is depleted. (C) Zebrafish embryos were injected with 15 ng of either a control MO (MoControl) or MoZFSNW1 and fixed at 11 hpf for double in situ hybridizations using probes against Sox10 (purple) and the neural plate marker N-cadherin (N-cad; turquoise). Lateral and anterior views of the same embryo are shown. (D) Xenopus embryos were either uninjected (control) or injected with 20 ng of MoSNW1a at the one-cell stage. Double in situ hybridizations were carried out at stage 14 for Slug (dark blue) and Sox2 (turquoise), or EpiKer (dark blue) and Sox2 (turquoise). The red line indicates the border between the neural plate and the epidermis. In all cases the number of embryos out of the total analyzed that showed the presented staining pattern is given.
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