PUBLICATION
Structural and functional diversification in the teleost S100 family of calcium-binding proteins
- Authors
- Kraemer, A.M., Saraiva, L.R., and Korsching, S.I.
- ID
- ZDB-PUB-080228-9
- Date
- 2008
- Source
- BMC Evolutionary Biology 8: 48 (Journal)
- Registered Authors
- Korsching, Sigrun, Saraiva, Luis
- Keywords
- none
- MeSH Terms
-
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Conserved Sequence
- EF Hand Motifs/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Female
- Fishes/genetics*
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Male
- Multigene Family
- Phylogeny
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- S100 Proteins/genetics*
- Species Specificity
- Tissue Distribution
- Zebrafish/genetics
- PubMed
- 18275604 Full text @ BMC Evol. Biol.
Citation
Kraemer, A.M., Saraiva, L.R., and Korsching, S.I. (2008) Structural and functional diversification in the teleost S100 family of calcium-binding proteins. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8:48.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Among the EF-Hand calcium-binding proteins the subgroup of S100 proteins constitute a large family with numerous and diverse functions in calcium-mediated signaling. The evolutionary origin of this family is still uncertain and most studies have examined mammalian family members. RESULTS: We have performed an extensive search in several teleost genomes to establish the S100 gene family in fish. We report that the teleost S100 repertoire comprises fourteen different subfamilies which show remarkable similarity across six divergent teleost species. Individual species feature distinctive subsets of twelve to fourteen genes resulting from local gene duplications and gene losses. Eight of the fourteen S100 subfamilies are unique for teleosts, while six are shared with mammalian species and three of those even with cartilaginous fish. Jawless fish already exhibit several S100 family members, none of them clear orthologs of cartilaginous or bony fish S100 genes. All teleost S100 genes exhibit the expected structural features and are subject to strong negative selection. Many aspects of the genomic arrangement and location of mammalian S100 genes are retained in the teleost S100 gene family, including a completely conserved intron/exon border between the two EF hands. Zebrafish S100 genes exhibit highly specific and characteristic expression patterns, showing both redundancy and divergence in their cellular expression. In larval tissue expression is often restricted to specific cell types like keratinocytes, hair cells, ionocytes and olfactory receptor neurons as demonstrated by in situ hybridization. CONCLUSION: The origin of the S100 family predates at least the segregation of jawed from jawless fish and some extant family members predate the divergence of bony from cartilaginous fish. Despite a complex pattern of gene gains and losses the total repertoire size is remarkably constant between species. On the expression level the teleost S100 proteins can serve as precise markers for several different cell types. At least some of their functions may be related to those of their counterparts in mammals. Accordingly, our findings provide an excellent basis for future studies of the functions and interaction partners of S100 genes and finally their role in diseases, using the zebrafish as a model organism.
Genes / Markers
Expression
Phenotype
Mutations / Transgenics
Human Disease / Model
Sequence Targeting Reagents
Fish
Orthology
Engineered Foreign Genes
Mapping