|
Fig. 5 Diastolic dysfunction develops in embryonic alcohol-exposed adults. A. Pulsed wave Doppler (PD) measurements of blood movement across the AV valve in CTRL and EAE-DV 5-month-old males shown increased peak active ventricular filling velocity (A-wave). B?F. Quantitative measurements of peak E-wave (B, n > 15) velocity, peak A-wave velocity (C, n > 14), E/A ratio (D, n > 15), E-wave deceleration time (E, n > 13), and isovolumic relaxation time (F, n > 14) acquired through pulsed wave Doppler measurements in 5 mpf CTRL and EAE-DV males. G. Estimation of net pressure across the AV valve using the simplified Bernoulli equation in 5 mpf CTRL and EAE-DV males (n > 15). H. PD measurements of blood movement across the AV valve in CTRL, EAE-SV, and EAE-DV 10-month-old males show decreased peak passive (E-wave) and increased active (A-wave) ventricular filling velocity. I?M. Quantitative measurements of peak E-wave (I, n > 11) velocity, peak A-wave velocity (J, n > 11), E/A ratio (K, n > 11), E-wave deceleration time (L, n > 8), and isovolumic relaxation time (M, n > 7) acquired through PD measurements in 10 mpf CTRL, EAE-SV, and EAE-DV males. N. Estimation of net pressure across the AV valve using the simplified Bernoulli equation in 10 mpf CTRL, EAE-SV, and EAE-DV males (n > 9). O. Tissue Doppler echocardiography detecting myocardial wall movement adjacent to the AV valve. P?Q. Quantitative assessment of peak e? velocity (P, n > 17) and E/e? ratio (Q, n > 17) in 8 mpf CTRL and EAE-DV males. R. H&E staining of representative 11 mpf CTRL and EAE-DV males showing thickening of the compact myocardial wall (black arrow, black line). S. Quantification of average compact myocardial wall thickness in 11 mpf males (n > 4). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired, two-tailed Student's t-test assuming equal variances (E?F, I (CTRL vs. EAE-SV), L, M, Q, S) or a nonparametric Mann?Whitney test (B?D, F, I (CTRL vs. EAE-DV), J?K, N, P). P-values are shown. Scale bars: 100 ?m. E, E-wave; A, A-wave; e?, AV annulus tissue velocity during early diastole; a?, AV annulus tissue velocity during late diastole; IVCT, isovolumic contraction time; ET, ejection time, and ns, non-significant (P > 0.05).