FIGURE 3

Quantitative analysis confirms facial abnormalities in fos crispants and morphants. (A) ZFACE morphometrics identified significant measurement differences in 16 individual craniofacial parameters for fos mutants (n = 103) and morphants (n = 138) compared to MM (n = 47)/UIC (n = 93) controls. Nine of these parameters were completely rescued (only the labiale superius left, an oral cavity angle, is shown as an example). (B) Three parameters were partially rescued (olfactory distance shown as an example) while (C) 4 were not rescued (area of the bottom half of the face shown). (D) Principal component analysis of Procrustes transformed landmarks showed an overlap of fos crispant and morphant groups, as well as separation from the UIC and MM groups, while the rescue group plotted closer to the controls. (E) Summary of overall shape differences between control and experimental groups, highlighting the similarities between UIC and MM controls, crispants and morphants, and the differences between UIC/MM controls and crispants/morphants. Additionally, rescue with fos mRNA showed a more normal average mouth and face shape. UIC, uninjected control; F0, crispant; MO, morpholino; MM, mismatch; rescue, human FOS mRNA injected morphant.