Figure 5

Figure 5

HCAR1 selective stimulation promoted the upregulation of mitochondrial activity gene expressions and regulated the protein expressions of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in glioblastoma cells. (A–F) Effect of 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,5-DHBA, 150 μM) on mitochondrial biogenesis and OXPHOS gene expression in U-87 MG cells (A, B), A-172 cells (C, D), and U-251 MG cells (E, F) following 24 h of treatment. (G) Computerized analysis of the MitoTracker fluorescence intensity on the control versus lactate 18 h after treatment. The figures presented are representative of at least three independent experiments. (H) Protein expressions of β-catenin and E-cadherin in A-172 cells following 72 h of HCAR1 stimulation. The figures presented are representative of at least four independent experiments, and values represent the mean ± SEM of experiments performed in quadruplicate. P-values <0.05 were considered as statistically significant (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 vs. untreated).