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Fig. 4
Increased Mitochondrial ATP Production or Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Inhibition Rescues Wnt Signaling
(A) Mitochondrial ATP content was measured in HEK293 cells, after treatment with 1 mM creatine (CRE) or 60 μM phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) for 30 min. Furthermore, Wnt signaling was induced by co-administration of 3 μM CHIR. The analysis was conducted as in Figure 2A (n = 3; means ± SEMs).
(B) Canonical Wnt signaling activity based on TCF-LEF-dependent transcription was assayed in HEK293 cells, as in Figure 1A. Cells were pre-treated for 30 min with CRE or phosphoenolpyruvate or for 2 h with 0.5 mM of the endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA) before addition and incubation with or without 1 μM PAPTP for a further 8 h (n = 3; means ± SEMs).
(C) Mitochondrial ATP was measured and analyzed in human immortalized fibroblasts from healthy donors (WT) or a GRACILE patient (n = 3). Cells were pre-treated as in (A).
(D) β-Catenin and CD44 recovery were measured in bcs1lR73C/F368I fibroblasts by western blot after treatment with the following compounds: 3 μM CHIR, 1 mM CRE, 0.6 mM phosphoenolpyruvate, or 0.5 mM 4-PBA.
(E) Endoplasmic reticulum stress rescue was measured in bcs1lR73C/F368Ifibroblasts. Representative blots are shown at left, while the quantification is reported at right (n = 3; means ± SEMs).
(F and G) Zebrafish morphants for Ttc19 (F) and Bcs1l (G) were obtained as in Figures 3C and 3E. Bright-field images of morphants as well as reporter GFP epifluorescence are shown. The sagittal length and GFP epifluorescence quantification of embryos are reported in the graph below (means ± SEMs; dots and numbers represent treated embryos). Bars, 1.5 mm.
Statistical significance (ANOVA) was determined as ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001.